5

In The Midwife by Katja Kettu, the central character, Wild-Eye, rescues a young Skolt girl named Masha from being killed by the SS. For the rest of the book, Masha addresses Wild-Eye as "Parmuska".

From context, I assumed that "Parmuska" was a term of respect that a young girl might use to address an older woman. But looking though Finnish dictionaries hasn't turned the word up. There is a complication in that Masha spoke her native language as well as Finnish, and so "Parmuska" may come from that. We are not explicitly told what her native tongue is, however, although it would be plausible for it to be some form of Sámi. Other words she speaks include:

Da, da, Masha eagerly assured me, and told me her Babushka used to make her a kite every year at around this time.

Why?

Den razdeniya. Birthday,“ she told me.

The "da" and "Babushka" seem Russian, but "den razdeniya" doesn't (Google Translate suggests Bulgarian). Another phrase she says:

"The sorrel was in blossom when they found me in the woods. Miehcest von tam kavnim, my Babushka used to say.”

cannot be translated by Google Translate.

My question is, what does "Parmuska" mean, and what language is it from?

[Just to confirm, "Parmuska" does occur in the original Finnish text, i.e. it was not introduced in the process of translating the book to English. For example, Masha's plaintive request, "Parmuska, will you make me a kite?" is the translation from "Parmuska, tehet sie minule leijan?"]

14
  • "пармушка" and "мичест вон там кавним" do return something meaningful in Google Translate Ukrainian->English. "Masha", "Babushka", "Den razdeniya" - my first thought was ru, but it's not so with "Miehcest von tam kavnim".
    – Andra
    Commented Mar 7 at 18:48
  • 1
    This Finnish Wikipedia page contains the word Parmuska, as well as an 'i.e.' and translation that equate them to the Swedish words barnmorska and lapsenpäästäjä which mean 'midwife' and 'babysitter'. Would that fit the context?
    – CDR
    Commented Mar 7 at 19:28
  • 1
    As a Finn I had never heard the word "parmuska" before, but according to that wikipedia page, it's indeed another word for midwife, from Swedish barnmorska. It does sound like a typical Swedish loan especially in western Finnish dialects. "Lapsenpäästäjä" is another old-fashioned word that means a midwife (literally a "child-releaser"). No idea where "babysitter" came from; google translate? The modern Finnish word for a midwife is "kätilö".
    – Dronir
    Commented Mar 8 at 12:45
  • 1
    "but "den razdeniya" doesn't (Google Translate suggests Bulgarian)" — it is russian, "день рождения", if you write it down by sound alone, and you're not native russian speaker, and your language lack palatization and sound for "ж". Btw, in bulgarian it would be "рожден ден" — "rozhden den".
    – user28434
    Commented Mar 21 at 23:17
  • 1
    @ClaraDiazSanchez it's a bit harder, "von tam" is definitely "over there/yonder", "Miehcest" is a noun and the subject of the sentence. But can't tell what the word supposed to be. If it's about the time of the year it could be "месяц". But kinda doesn't make sense here. As for "kavnim" — absolutely no idea, can't even tell if it's a object or a verb of the sentence.
    – user28434
    Commented Mar 22 at 7:44

1 Answer 1

6

Parmuska means midwife; according to this glossary of terms associated with midwifery, it's a "suomi" (Finnish) word. Originally, though, it comes from Swedish.

This 1909 publication has a list of loanwords used in Finnish, including parmuska, which is apparently originally Swedish:

barnmorska > paarmuoska, paarmuska = kätilö

Both barnmorska and kätilö seem to refer to women who assist in childbirth.


The word comes under a section containing loanwords used around Kuopio, which is not in Lapland (where the story takes place). But, as the author of the book notes, the words in his list are...

joita käytetään kuopion tienoilla ja luullakseni suureksi osaksi muuallakin Suomessa

that are used around Kuopio, and, I believe, largely also elsewhere in Finland.

Your Answer

By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service and acknowledge you have read our privacy policy.

Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.